The second civil war came to an end with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in For more information and to see the sources used in this post, check out the Enough Project's Sudan Pinterest Board. Skip to content. What Are Upstanders? Take Action Join Events. EIN: Search for:. Days later, the town was razed, leaving some 7, Darfuris homeless. In Feb. In May, the Court issued arrest warrants for Haroun and Ali Kosheib, a Janjaweed leader, charging them with mass murder, rape, and other crimes.
The Sudanese government refused to hand over them over to the Court. Kushayb was arrested by Sudanese police in October He was not, however, handed over to the ICC. The Bush administration expanded sanctions on Sudan in May, banning 31 Sudanese companies and four individuals from doing business in the U. The SPLA claimed that the governing party, the National Congress Party, had ignored its concerns over boundary between the north and south and how to divide the country's oil wealth.
Sudan faced international criticism once again in January , when Musa Hilal, a Janjaweed leader, was appointed to a top government position as an adviser to the minister of federal affairs. Government forces and the janjaweed resumed their attacks in the Darfur region in February , forcing as many as 45, people to flee their homes. The government claimed it was targeting the Justice and Equality Movement, a rebel group that has become increasingly powerful and is believed to be linked to the government of Chad.
Civilians in the region, however, say the attacks have continued after the rebels escape. The Justice and Equality Movement launched a bold attack in May, coming within a few miles of Khartoum before being repulsed by government troops.
It was the first time that the conflict in Darfur has threatened to spill over into Khartoum. Moreno-Ocampo also said Bashir "purposefully targeted civilians" and used "rapes, hunger, and fear" to terrorize civilians.
Many observers feared that Bashir would respond to the charges with further violence. The ICC issued an arrest warrant for Bashir in March , charging him with war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Darfur region. An indictment for genocide was rejected by the court, and Moreno-Ocampo appealed the decision.
Bashir responded by shutting down the 13 aid agencies that operate relief camps in Sudan and assist millions of people in Darfur. The UN said that as a result, 1. In February , Moreno-Ocampo won his appeal and the ICC was ordered to review the evidence to determine if Bashir should be tried for genocide. The court formally charged him with three counts of genocide in July.
It was the first time the court has charged a person with genocide. In July , an international tribunal at The Hague redefined the border of Sudan's oil-rich Abyei region, giving the North rights to the lucrative Heglig oil field, and the South retained rights to other large oil fields in Abyei. Several opposition parties boycotted the election, and international observers questioned the fairness of it, citing ballot-box stuffing and other allegations of fraud.
Bashir's supporters cite the marked improvement in infrastructure completed during his presidency? All are products of the oil boom. A referendum on Southern independence is scheduled for January President Bashir has vowed to honor the results of the vote. In a historic seven-day secessionist referendum that began in southern Sudan on January 9, , The referendum was a provision of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which ended a year civil war that killed 2.
President Bashir accepted the results and said he would not seek reelection when his term expires in The Bush administration negotiated the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which in addition to setting the date of the referendum also called for people in the contested region of Abyei to participate in the vote.
That vote, however, has been delayed because a decision on what constitutes a resident of Abyei has not been reached. Tribal leaders in the region have made it clear that their loyalty lies with the south, but there has not been a date set for a vote in Abyei.
Any declaration of affiliation with the south by Abyei could trigger an attack from the north. Abyei sits between northern and southern Sudan and has historically served as a bridge between the two. Since voting began in southern Sudan, at least 23 people have died in Abyei, confirming speculation that the region continues to be a matter of contention. On July 9, , the Republic of South Sudan declared its independence and became Africa's 54th state. Thousands celebrated in the streets of South Sudan's capital, Juba.
Salva Kiir, South Sudan's president, signed the interim constitution. However, even as South Sudan celebrated its independence, Abyei's uncertainty was only one obstacle that awaits the fledgling state. South Sudan also needs to establish a new government and constitution. Instability and conflict with Sudan over oil plagued South Sudan since independence.
Sudan launched air attacks into South Sudan, the north accused the south of arming militants in the north, and both accused each other of inciting a border war. Tension between the two nations peaked in early as the economies in both countries continued to shrink and a food crisis intensified in the south, emphasizing the need for oil revenues.
As a full-scale war loomed, the two sides negotiated a non-aggression agreement under pressure from the African Union, the U. Within days, however, South Sudan accused the north of violating the agreement. The countries teetered on the brink of border war in April Both sides traded ground and aerial attacks, and Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir said he would not negotiate with South Sudan because it only responds to "the gun and bullets. Since , violence in Darfur -- called ethnic cleansing by some and genocide by others -- has left an estimated 50, to 80, dead and an estimated 1.
Survivors face severe shortages of food and clean water. An estimated , Sudanese have escaped to Chad, where they are living in refugee camps. Many are in desolate areas near the city of Abeche, where temperatures frequently exceed degrees Fahrenheit.
An estimated 2. In , Sudan was declared to be free of polio, but the disease is making a comeback in the wake of war. Health experts say the probability is high that more than 10, Sudanese have been infected with the virus.
Agricultural production -- such as cotton and peanuts cultivation -- employs 80 percent of the workforce and contributes 39 percent of the gross domestic product. Officials from the Sudanese Energy Ministry estimate that the county has 3 billion barrels of oil reserves. Foreign companies began oil exploration in the Red Sea in the s; the most fruitful oil fields were found in southern Sudan by Chevron.
In , Chevron and the Sudanese government formed the White Nile Petroleum Corporation to oversee oil production in the south, but Chevron suspended its southern Sudan operations in because of fighting near the oil fields. Many Western oil companies have abandoned investments in Sudan, both because of the conflict and because of criticism by human rights groups. Economic sanctions imposed by the United States in barred American companies from operating in Sudan.
The SPLA has declared oil installations a "legitimate military target," saying that oil revenues have supported the government's human rights abuses and that the government has displaced thousands of civilians living near the oil fields.
Upon the completion of an oil pipeline that extends from the southern oil fields through Khartoum to the Red Sea, Sudan began exporting crude oil -- and immediately recorded its first trade surplus.
The same year, the government halted delivery of aid to people living near the oil fields. Security Council's plans for arms and oil embargoes. All Rights Reserved.
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