Mr Allen recommended events have trained crowd spotters with noise-cancelling headsets who are in direct communication with someone near the performer, who was willing to temporarily stop the event if there was a life-threatening situation. Professionals don't use the words "stampede" or "panic" to describe such scenarios because that can put the blame for the deaths on the people in the crowd. Instead, they more often point at the event's organisers for failing to provide a safe environment.
We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. Eight dead in crowd crush at Travis Scott's Astroworld Festival. Police investigate apparent needle spiking in Astroworld concert crush. More on:. Matthew Wade blasts Australia into World Cup final. Collingwood AFLW co-captain apologises for historical redface incident. Socceroos draw with Saudi Arabia in first home game in more than two years.
Live: Mourners farewell Bert Newton as state funeral begins in Melbourne. Thai sex workers call for billion-dollar industry to be recognised. Prime Minister says he does not believe he has told a lie in public life. Would Victoria's proposed pandemic laws allow the Premier to declare a pandemic without reason?
Cannibalism, disease and smothering are just some of the dangers free-range chickens face. A little-known US car maker promised the electric ute.
Popular Now 1. Alleged drug smuggler Mostafa Baluch to remain behind bars after having bail revoked Posted 8m ago 8 minutes ago Thu 11 Nov at pm. Posted 16m ago 16 minutes ago Thu 11 Nov at pm. He became interested in the spread of fires after the disaster on the tarmac at Manchester airport in , in which 54 people died when a Boeing caught fire; then he became interested in the movement of crowds, then in crowd behaviour.
By the time a crowd is moving like a fluid, it is already in danger. Knowing what it is going to do is like knowing how a plane will move without wings — interesting, maybe, but too late. When crowds are not too tightly packed — less than four people per square metre — the individuals in them have room to make decisions, and they do not move like a fluid. Sometimes you turn round after forgetting something, or you veer off when you recognise a friend.
He shows me the result on his computer — blocky animations, many of them free to view on YouTube, which show hundreds or thousands of stick figures trying to deal with crushes and fires — sometimes crushes and fires that actually happened. They make unpleasant viewing. You can see how they mostly ignore the emergency exits and head for the front, where a severe crush develops, killing some and blocking the path of the others, who try to break windows, then try to crawl, then die.
After three minutes there are corpses on the floor, just as there were after three minutes of the real thing. If crowd densities rise above four people per square metre, and especially if they get to six, they become prone to two broad types of accident. Both — be warned — are horrifying. This in turn creates a larger hole, which ever more people are forced into, and more, and more, piled high on top of each other until the pressure eases.
It is being buried alive in bodies, perhaps bodies that you know. A progressive crowd collapse often happens when a large crowd is moving steadily through a confined route, driving ever forwards. Early indications are that the most recent disaster in Mecca was a progressive crowd collapse, seemingly caused by the meeting of two crowds that were moving against each other — something that should simply never be allowed to happen.
The other type of crowd disaster occurs when people are simply squeezed to such an extent that they can no longer inflate their lungs, and die gradually of compressive asphyxiation. Often those who die in crowd crushes are the ones against the wall. Hillsborough was one example, but many terrible fires are crowd crushes, too. No matter how calmly a crowd behaves, it can only fit through a narrow exit at a certain rate.
Those caught at the back have a choice between pushing harder and waiting to die. In , people were killed on the Hajj when a fire among the tents caused a crowd crush. For all their complexity, however, crowd disasters are as much a political problem as a technical one. A common reaction — indeed the usual reaction — is to evoke the idea of an indiscriminate mob, of mass panic. To blame, in short, the crowd. In the case of Hillsborough, this was done deliberately by the police and the Sun newspaper.
In other cases, it may just be assumed and implied. Indeed believing in mass panics is dangerous, because it means the authorities sometimes conceal alarming but important information for fear of starting one. One word bears a lot of blame here, at least in English.
Like I was, in fact, when I entered — and helped create — that dangerous carnival crowd. On the extremely rare occasions that a real stampede happens — that is, people running over you — it is unlikely to be fatal. There was a wall of people in front of me. Just one month earlier, I was defending my doctoral thesis in an amphitheatre at Paul Sabatier University, in Toulouse, France.
The topic of my research was the movement of crowds. Over three years, I had examined mass movements in all sorts of places — shopping streets, markets, even in lab experiments.
When the Love Parade accident hit the news, my friends and family all asked me the same thing: what should they do if they found themselves in that kind of situation? How could they survive if they were trapped in a crowd, like the victims at the Love Parade? There has been a steady rise in such crushes since the s. On average, they claim the lives of people every year. The deadliest killed 2, in Mecca in September Three things draw the biggest crowds: religion, sports and festivities — a good summary of human interests.
The Mecca pilgrimage, for example, attracts 2 to 3 million faithful every year. The capacity of a football stadium is of course far lower, in the tens of thousands, but public celebrations following key victories can attract hundreds of thousands into city streets. Last but not least, music festivals draw enormous crowds. The largest on record — 3. In these extreme situations, the smallest organisational lapse can quickly lead to disaster. But what exactly happens in a crowd crush?
Surprisingly, the dynamics of this phenomenon were only understood in the wake of a fresh tragedy. In , crowd turbulence caused the deaths of pilgrims in Mecca. This time, the accident was filmed by a CCTV camera and the footage was sent 5, kilometres away, to the laboratory of German physicist Dirk Helbing.
At this level of crowding, physical contact between bodies becomes so intense that the slightest movement causes a surge of turbulence through the crowd. Similar to those that occur during earthquakes, these shockwaves cause people to fall and places them all under crushing physical pressure. Ever since this important discovery, crowd-quakes have been observed during deadly crushes like that at the Love Parade in What should you do if you are trapped in a crowd and you start to feel the walls are closing in?
0コメント