Pasteur did not, however, fully engage in studies of disease until the late s, after several cataclysmic changes had rocked his life and that of the French nation. In , in the middle of his silkworm studies, he suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed his left side. Nevertheless, Pasteur successfully concluded with the new government negotiations he had begun with the emperor. The government agreed to build a new laboratory for him, to relieve him of administrative and teaching duties, and to grant him a pension and a special recompense in order to free his energies for studies of diseases.
In his research campaign against disease Pasteur first worked on expanding what was known about anthrax, but his attention was quickly drawn to fowl cholera. This investigation led to his discovery of how to make vaccines by attenuating, or weakening, the microbe involved.
Months into the experiments, Pasteur let cultures of fowl cholera stand idle while he went on vacation. When he returned and the same procedure was attempted, the chickens did not become diseased as before. Pasteur could easily have deduced that the culture was dead and could not be revived, but instead he was inspired to inoculate the experimental chickens with a virulent culture.
Amazingly, the chickens survived and did not become diseased; they were protected by a microbe attenuated over time. Realizing he had discovered a technique that could be extended to other diseases, Pasteur returned to his study of anthrax.
Pasteur produced vaccines from weakened anthrax bacilli that could indeed protect sheep and other animals. In public demonstrations at Pouilly-le-Fort before crowds of observers, twenty-four sheep, one goat, and six cows were subjected to a two-part course of inoculations with the new vaccine, on May 5, , and again on May Meanwhile a control group of twenty-four sheep, one goat, and four cows remained unvaccinated.
On May 31 all the animals were inoculated with virulent anthrax bacilli, and two days later, on June 2, the crowd reassembled. Pasteur and his collaborators arrived to great applause. The effects of the vaccine were undeniable: the vaccinated animals were all alive. In September , Jean-Baptiste Jupille, a year-old shepherd, arrived at the Ulm street laboratory.
He had been severely bitten by a rabid dog who had attacked six other shepherds. Jean-Baptiste Jupille had jumped on the dog to allow his friends to escape. Louis Pasteur administered his treatment and was successful again. This time he vowed to tell the whole world his story. Given the numbers, Louis Pasteur set up a special rabies vaccination clinic which also doubled as a research and teaching center.
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How does hearing work? Why does bronchiolitis only affect infants? You are here. Print Share. Edward jenner invented vaccination, louis pasteur invented vaccines In he closely studied infectious diseases, discovering in turn: staphylococcus as the cause of furuncles boils and osteomyelitis streptococcus as the microbe responsible for puerperal infection pneumococcus Edward Jenner had discovered that human beings could be protected against smallpox by inoculating them with the vaccine, a disease generally seen in cattle and identical to smallpox yet harmless in humans.
He developed his method for attenuating microbial virulence for: fowl cholera , through aging in contact with oxygen in the air, leading to development of a vaccine in The vaccine was ready in The notion of using a weakened form of the disease to provide immunity was not new, but Pasteur was the first to take the process to the laboratory, impacting all virologists who followed after him.
The microbe, weakened in the lab, had taught the chicken immune system to fight the infection without causing any serious harm to the chicken. This type of vaccine is called a live, attenuated vaccine.
Hypothesizing the technique could be extended to other diseases, Louis Pasteur continued to explore illnesses in the pursuit of new vaccines. In , he helped develop a vaccine for anthrax , which was used successfully in sheep, goats and cows. Then, in , while studying rabies, Pasteur tested his first human vaccine.
Pasteur produced the vaccine by attenuating the virus in rabbits and subsequently harvesting it from their spinal cords. Louis Pasteur performing an experiment. Rabies had presented a new obstacle for Pasteur in the development of a successful vaccine. Unlike chicken cholera and anthrax, both caused by bacterium, the microorganism causing the disease could not be specifically identified, meaning Pasteur would not be able to develop the vaccine in vitro in the laboratory.
Pasteur did not know this at the time, but the reason he could not find the microorganism is because rabies is a viral disease. Viruses are small infectious agents that replicate quickly and have a high mutation rate. These rapid mutations can be used to the benefit of researchers in the development of an attenuated vaccine.
By serial passage of a virus through a different species, the virus becomes more adapted to that species, and less adapted to its original host, deceasing virulence with respect to the original host e. Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, painting by Albert Edelfeldt in After successfully protecting dogs from the disease, Pasteur agreed to treat his first human patient, a nine-year-old boy who had been so severely attacked by feral dogs there was little doubt he would die if nothing was done.
Pasteur injected the boy with a daily series of progressively more virulent doses of the vaccine from the rabies-infected rabbits. The boy never developed symptoms and Pasteur became an international hero. While the variety of vaccine types has increased over the years, many of the vaccines used today are still live, attenuated viruses.
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